This dataset contains composite lidar wind profile data from the NCAS AMF Halo Doppler lidar mounted on a motion stabilised platform on board the Swedish Icebreaker Oden durning Arctic Cloud Summer Expedition (ACSE). ACSE took place in the Arctic during summer 2014. These measurements were used to complement a suite of other observations taken during the cruise. Those of the UK contribution, as well as selected other data, are available within the associated data collection in the Centre for Environmental Data Analysis (CEDA) archives. Other cruise data may be available in the NOAA ACSE and The Bolin Centre for Climate Research SWERUS (SWEdish-Russian-US) holdings - see online resources linked to this record. The Arctic Cloud Summer Expedition (ACSE) was a collaboration between the University of Leeds, the University of Stockholm, and NOAA-CIRES. ACSE aimed to study the response of Arctic boundary layer cloud to changes in surface conditions in the Arctic Ocean as a working package of the larger Swedish-Russian-US Investigation of Climate, Cryosphere and Carbon interaction (SWERUS-C3) Expedition in Summer 2014. This expedition was a core component to the overall SWERUS-C3 programme and was supported by the Swedish Polar Research Secretariat. ACSE took place during a 3-month cruise of the Swedish Icebreaker Oden from Tromso, Norway to Barrow, Alaska and back over the summer of 2014. During this cruise ACSE scientists measured surface turbulent exchange, boundary layer structure, and cloud properties. Many of the measurements used remote sensing approaches - radar, lidar, and microwave radiometers - to retrieve vertical profiles of the dynamic and microphysical properties of the lower atmosphere and cloud. The UK participation of ACSE was funded by the Natural Environment Research Council (NERC, grant: NE/K011820/1) and involved instrumentation from the Atmospheric Measurement Facility of the UK's National Centre for Atmospheric Science (NCAS AMF). This dataset collection contains data mainy from the UK contribution with some additional data from other institutes also archived to complement the suite of meteorological measurements.

Characterising and Interpreting FLuxes Over Sea Ice (CANDIFLOS) is a data analysis project drawing upon data from multiple field campaigns. It aims to improve the parameterization of surface fluxes over sea ice. This data set consists of the processed surface heat fluxes and sea ice fractions from the Arctic Clouds Summer Experiment (ACSE) project (2014) conducted on icebreaker Oden. Matching data from the AO2016 cruise are provided as a separate data set.

This dataset contains provides the final best estimates of fluxes, mean environmental variables and derived transfer coefficient estimates, along with asociated quality control flags, during the Icebreaker Oden voyage durning the Arctic Cloud Summer Expedition (ACSE) in summer 2014. These were calculated based on instrumentation data from the University of Leeds' Metek sonic anemometer, Licor LI-7500 gas analyzer and XSENS MTi-G-700 motion pack, plus mean surface meteorology data provided from the automatic weather station operated on board by the Department of Meteorology, Stockholm University (MISU). Other data from the UK contribution, as well as selected other data, are available within the associated data collection in the Centre for Environmental Data Analysis (CEDA) archives. Other cruise data may be available in the NOAA ACSE and The Bolin Centre for Climate Research SWERUS (SWEdish-Russian-US) holdings - see online resources linked to this record. The Arctic Cloud Summer Expedition (ACSE) was a collaboration between the University of Leeds, the University of Stockholm, and NOAA-CIRES. ACSE aimed to study the response of Arctic boundary layer cloud to changes in surface conditions in the Arctic Ocean as a working package of the larger Swedish-Russian-US Investigation of Climate, Cryosphere and Carbon interaction (SWERUS-C3) Expedition in Summer 2014. This expedition was a core component to the overall SWERUS-C3 programme and was supported by the Swedish Polar Research Secretariat. ACSE took place during a 3-month cruise of the Swedish Icebreaker Oden from Tromso, Norway to Barrow, Alaska and back over the summer of 2014. During this cruise ACSE scientists measured surface turbulent exchange, boundary layer structure, and cloud properties. Many of the measurements used remote sensing approaches - radar, lidar, and microwave radiometers - to retrieve vertical profiles of the dynamic and microphysical properties of the lower atmosphere and cloud. The UK participation of ACSE was funded by the Natural Environment Research Council (NERC, grant: NE/K011820/1) and involved instrumentation from the Atmospheric Measurement Facility of the UK's National Centre for Atmospheric Science (NCAS AMF). This dataset collection contains data mainy from the UK contribution with some additional data from other institutes also archived to complement the suite of meteorological measurements. The document "ACSE_turbulent_fluxes_readme.txt" in the archive contains fuller details of the flux calculations. The final data, prepared for archiving as NetCDF data at the Centre for Environmental Data Analysis (CEDA) by Ian Brooks, University of Leeds, contain: 1) The final quality controlled best estimates of 20-min averaged dynamic fluxes, associated mean environmental variables (10m wind, etc), transfer coefficients, and quality control flags. 2) The raw kinematic fluxes, etc that go into generating (1), along with the quality control variables used in generating the QC flags, and the QC flags. 3) Other environmental variables (in some cases with duplicates from multiple different sensors) averaged onto the same time base as the flux estimates. The authors note that in all cases a lot of work has been done on quality control and applying suitable corrections to raw measurements. In many cases other choices could have been made, and additional QC measures may need to be applied. Most of the work on the flux data processing has been done by John Prytherch, with additional input from Ian Brooks and Dominic Salisbury. Additional work on ancillary data was undertaken by other members of the ACSE science team.

Characterising and Interpreting FLuxes Over Sea Ice (CANDIFLOS) is a data analysis project drawing upon data from multiple field campaigns. It aims to improve the parameterization of surface fluxes over sea ice. This data set consists of the processed surface heat fluxes and sea ice fractions from the Arctic Ocean 2016 (AO2016) project (2016) conducted on the icebreaker Oden. Matching data from the Arctic Clouds Summer Experiment (ACSE) cruise (2014) are provided as a separate data set.

This dataset contains derived cloud layer measurements of Icebreaker Oden utilising data from the National Centre for Atmospheric Science's Atmospheric Measurement Facility's (NCAS AMF) Halo Doppler lidar and NOAA cloud radar on board Icebreaker Oden durning Arctic Cloud Summer Expedition (ACSE). ACSE took place in the Arctic during summer 2014. These measurements were used to complement a suite of other observations taken during the cruise. Those of the UK contribution, as well as selected other data, are available within the associated data collection in the Centre for Environmental Data Analysis (CEDA) archives. Other cruise data may be available in the NOAA ACSE and The Bolin Centre for Climate Research SWERUS (SWEdish-Russian-US) holdings - see online resources linked to this record. The data provide altitudes of cloud base and top for the first two cloud layers. Cloud base was established from the laser ceilometer (base of liquid cloud) whist he cloud top was established from the cloud radar data. Where fog was detected, the fog top altitude from the radar data is given. Note: it was possible for the radar to detect a cloud top where the laser ceilometer was not able to detecte a cloud base. These data were prepared for archiving as NetCDF data at the Centre for Environmental Data Analysis (CEDA) by Ian Brooks, University of Leeds. The Arctic Cloud Summer Expedition (ACSE) was a collaboration between the University of Leeds, the University of Stockholm, and NOAA-CIRES. ACSE aimed to study the response of Arctic boundary layer cloud to changes in surface conditions in the Arctic Ocean as a working package of the larger Swedish-Russian-US Investigation of Climate, Cryosphere and Carbon interaction (SWERUS-C3) Expedition in Summer 2014. This expedition was a core component to the overall SWERUS-C3 programme and was supported by the Swedish Polar Research Secretariat. ACSE took place during a 3-month cruise of the Swedish Icebreaker Oden from Tromso, Norway to Barrow, Alaska and back over the summer of 2014. During this cruise ACSE scientists measured surface turbulent exchange, boundary layer structure, and cloud properties. Many of the measurements used remote sensing approaches - radar, lidar, and microwave radiometers - to retrieve vertical profiles of the dynamic and microphysical properties of the lower atmosphere and cloud. The UK participation of ACSE was funded by the Natural Environment Research Council (NERC, grant: NE/K011820/1) and involved instrumentation from the Atmospheric Measurement Facility of the UK's National Centre for Atmospheric Science (NCAS AMF). This dataset collection contains data mainy from the UK contribution with some additional data from other institutes also archived to complement the suite of meteorological measurements.

Version 1 processing of data from the Natural Environment Research Council's (NERC) Mesosphere-Stratosphere-Troposphere (MST) Radar near Aberystwyth in West Wales. The principal measurements made by the MST radar are of the three dimensional wind vector over the altitude range 2 - 20 km, with additional measurements from the mesosphere between 65 and 80 km. These data include both the radial beam data plus the resulting Cartesian products. Surface meteorological measurements from the radar site, ceilometer data, sky camera images and wind speed and direction recorded from a 10m tower located 6km away are also available. Other instruments at the facility have included one of the Met Office's boundary layer wind profilers and NCAS's boundary layer wind profiler.

The UK mean wind data contain the mean wind speed and direction, and the direction, speed and time of the maximum gust, all during 1 or more hours, ending at the stated time and date. The data were collected by observation stations operated by the Met Office across the UK and transmitted within the following message types: SYNOP, HCM, AWSHRLY, DLY3208, HWNDAUTO and HWND6910. The data spans from 1949 to 2020. This version supersedes the previous version of this dataset and a change log is available in the archive, and in the linked documentation for this record, detailing the differences between this version and the previous version. The change logs detail new, replaced and removed data. For further details on observing practice, including measurement accuracies for the message types, see relevant sections of the MIDAS User Guide linked from this record (e.g. section 3.3 details the wind network in the UK, section 5.5 covers wind measurements in general and section 4 details message type information). This dataset is part of the Midas-open dataset collection made available by the Met Office under the UK Open Government Licence, containing only UK mainland land surface observations owned or operated by the Met Office. It is a subset of the fuller, restricted Met Office Integrated Data Archive System (MIDAS) Land and Marine Surface Stations dataset, also available through the Centre for Environmental Data Analysis - see the related dataset section on this record.

The Radio Acoustic Sounding System (RASS) messages data describe hourly observations from around 120 stations distributed globally. The observations, which are later transmitted in reports, give measurements of parameters such as wind speed, and temperature. The data are collected by observation stations worldwide and transmitted within the RASS message. Data are extracted daily at around 00 UT from the Met Office's MetDB system for the previous day's coverage. The dataset contains measurements of the following parameters: - Station height (in m) - Virtual temperature (in Kelvin) - Wind w velocity component (in m/s) - Signal to noise ratio See linked documentation for general information about surface station readings can be obtained from the abridged version of "MIDAS Data Users Guide", provided by the Met Office. This document describes the meteorological surface data in the Met Office Database - MIDAS. This guide is rich in information and is aimed at those with little familiarity with observing methods or instrumentation. Details of the WMO Meteorological codes used at weather observing stations (daily and hourly weather) explain the codes used in this dataset further are also linked to on this record.

HadISD is a station based dataset comprising 6103 stations covering 1973-present. These stations are a subset of the stations available in the Integrated Surface Database (ISD), and are ones selected to be those most useful for climate studies (long records and high reporting frequency). Individual stations within the ISD were composited when it was appropriate to do so to improve the coverage. HadISD is a multi-variate dataset, where the following fields are available: temperature, dewpoint temperature, sea-level pressure, wind speed, wind direction and cloud data (total, low, mid and high levels). These variables are all quality controlled using an automatic suite of tests, the code for which is available on request. The QC tests were designed to remove bad data whilst keeping true extremes. A number of other variables are also carried through to the final NetCDF files, but have not been quality controlled (e.g. precipitation period, precipitation depth, sunshine duration).

Data from the instruments at the Natural Environment Research Council (NERC) Mesosphere-Stratosphere-Troposphere (MST) Radar Facility near Aberystwyth in West Wales. The principal measurements made by the MST radar are of the three dimensional wind vector over the altitude range 2 - 20 km. Surface meteorological measurements from the radar site, ceilometer data, sky camera images and wind speed and direction recorded from a 10m tower located 6km away are also available. Other instruments at the facility have included one of the Met Office's boundary layer wind profilers and NCAS's boundary layer wind profiler.